In its simplest terms, good footing starts with a firm, level base that gives your horse's feet a reliably solid platform from which to push off. The base anchors a top layer or cushion that absorbs much of his footfalls' concussion and provides traction he can depend on when changing direction or jumping. If well constructed (as we'll explain), these two layers create footing that's usable under most weather conditions.
     Good footing is safer for your horse and boosts his confidence. How does bad footing affect him?

• If it's hard, he'll shorten stride to minimize jarring (and modify his jumping form to avoid the sting of landing). Hard footing will also stress his joints.
• If it's too deep, it'll strain his soft tissues - tendons, ligaments, and muscles. Additionally, it can make getting him in front of your leg more difficult.
• If it's slippery, he'll feel insecure, so he'll move cautiously.
• If it has an uneven base, at the least it'll interfere with a consistent ride by forcing the two of you to compensate for its hills and hollows; at worst, your horse may step into a hole and injure himself.

Figures for Fixes
     Creating top-notch arena footing takes planning, patience, and (no denying it) an investment.
     As a general guideline, a new arena with a sand cushion layer will cost $1 to $1.10 per square foot - if your site doesn't require extensive drainage work, more than a 1- to 2-foot elevation change, or installation of a stone sub-base (more on these details shortly). Renovating an existing arena can cost $3,000 to $10,000 (or more), depending on size and problems.
     Using footing other than (or in addition to) sand also raises costs. For instance, mixing an inch of crumb rubber into sand footing in an 80- by 160-foot ring adds $2900 to $3300; putting down a 3-inch hardwood-fiber cushion layer instead of sand in the same size ring adds $5000 or more. (Read more about footing materials below.)
     You may be able to lower your costs somewhat if you have access to - and can skillfully operate - the heavy machinery used in arena installation/repair, and if you're knowledgeable about such subjects as grading surfaces and designing and installing drainage. But arena construction is a specialized field; shortcuts and unskilled do-it-yourself efforts can easily end up costing you more. Quality footing is an investment that pays off in fewer injuries, more effective training, and longer arena life (ten years or more with good maintenance). continued…